Repair and maintenance of cars

Repair and maintenance of cars

The basis of maintenance and repair of cars is a preventive maintenance and repair system with the forced implementation of maintenance in a planned manner and the implementation of repairs on demand.

Current repairs are divided into current repair of the car and current repair of units, components and mechanisms.

Overhauls are divided into overhaul of the car (trailer) as a whole and overhaul of units, components and mechanisms.

The frequency of maintenance is normalized depending on the category of operating conditions.

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A summary of each type of maintenance and repair is given below.

Daily maintenance (EO) has as its purpose the monitoring of the technical condition of the rolling stock in order to ensure traffic safety on the roads, refueling with operating materials and maintaining the proper appearance of the rolling stock.

Daily maintenance performed during the inter-shift time includes control and inspection work on control mechanisms, lighting devices, body, cab, as well as cleaning-washing and wiping-drying operations and refueling with fuel, oil, compressed air and coolant.

The first and second maintenance (TO-1 and TO-2) have as their purpose to reduce the intensity of wear of units and mechanisms of the car by timely detection of malfunctions and their prevention.

Notes For each category of operating conditions, the highest maintenance frequency is accepted for cars and buses, the average between the highest and lowest for flatbed trucks and the lowest for road trains and dump trucks.

The first maintenance (TO-1) consists in the external technical inspection of the entire car and the implementation in the prescribed amount of control, fastening, adjusting, lubricating, electrical and refueling works with checking the operation of the engine, steering, brakes and other mechanisms on the move of the car without fail in the inter-shift time periodically through the mileages established depending on the operating conditions.

The second maintenance (TO-2) includes a more in-depth check of the condition of all mechanisms and devices of the car (with the removal of power supply devices and electrical equipment for control and adjustment in the shops), the implementation in the prescribed amount of fastening, adjusting, lubricating and other works, as well as checking units, mechanisms and devices on the move of the car.

Current repair of the car has as its purpose the elimination of malfunctions by minor repairs or replacement of parts, components and assemblies and is performed as needed in the inter-shift time without disrupting the normal operation of the car. During routine repairs, damage and minor malfunctions detected during the inspection of the car upon return from the line, during maintenance or at the request of drivers are eliminated.

Current repair of the unit consists in eliminating its malfunctions by replacing or repairing damaged parts, except for the basic ones.

The basic part is called, the wear and damage of which has a major impact on the performance of the parts and assemblies or the unit as a whole associated with it. If the time required to repair the unit directly on the car exceeds the time required to replace it, the car is repaired in this case by replacing the faulty unit with a serviceable one.

Current repairs include disassembly and assembly, locksmith, mechanical, electrical, copper, welding, forging and other works.

Overhaul of the car is carried out according to the need identified as a result of technical inspection, and is aimed at the full restoration of its technical condition in accordance with the specifications. At the same time, most of the car units, including the engine, and for passenger cars also the body, are simultaneously overhauled. During major repairs, the car is completely disassembled into separate units, and the units – into components and parts. The parts of the disassembled unit are controlled and sorted into suitable, requiring repair and unsuitable. Unusable parts are replaced with new ones, and parts that require repair.

Restore. After being complete with parts, the units are assembled, tested and adjusted. With an impersonal method of repair, the car is assembled from previously repaired units and subjected to mileage testing. The car is sent for overhaul in the case when most of its main units, including the cab and frame for trucks or the body for cars, require major repairs. Over its entire service life, the car, as a rule, must be subjected to no more than two major repairs. As an exception, the average repair of cars for severe operating conditions is allowed In this case, the average repair has as its purpose the replacement of the engine (requiring major repairs), in-depth monitoring of the technical condition of the car and the elimination of malfunctions of units and assemblies with the replacement or repair of parts, as well as body painting and other restoration work.

Overhaul of the main units is aimed at restoring their technical condition; this repair is performed on demand when the technical condition of the unit due to significant wear and tear of the parts has deteriorated significantly, does not ensure its normal operation and cannot be restored by routine repairs, as well as when the base part in its condition needs to be repaired or replaced.